THE PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW

Parts I and II revised 1998
(Parts I and II revised 1998, Part III 2002)

CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 1 - Scope of the Principles
Article 1:101 (ex art. 1.101) - Application of the Principles
Article 1:102 - Freedom of contract
Article 1:103 - Mandatory Law
Article 1:104 - Application to questions of consent
Article 1:105 (ex art. 1.103) - Usages and Practices
Article 1:106 (ex art. 1.104) - Interpretation and Supplementation
Article 1:107 (ex Art. 1.113) - Application of the Principles by Way of Analogy
Section 2 - General Obligations
Article 1:201 (ex art. 1.106) - Good Faith and Fair Dealing
Article 1:202 (ex art. 1.107) - Duty to Co-operate
Section 3 - Terminology and Other Provisions
Article 1:301 (ex art. 1.105) - Meaning of Terms
Article 1:302 (ex art. 1.108) - Reasonableness
Article 1:303 (ex art. 1.110) - Notice
Article 1:304 (ex art. 1.111) - Computation of Time
Article 1:305 (ex art. 1.109) - Imputed Knowledge and Intention
CHAPTER 2 - FORMATION
Section 1 - General Provisions
Article 2:101 (ex art. 5.101) - Conditions for the Conclusion of a Contract
Article 2:102 (ex art. 5.102) - Intention
Article 2:103 (ex art. 5.103) - Sufficient Agreement
Article 2:104 (ex art. 5.103 A) - Terms not individually negotiated
Article 2:105 (ex art. 5.106 A) - Merger Clause
Article 2:106 (ex art. 5.106 B) - Written Modification only
Article 2:107 (ex art. 5.108) - Promises binding without acceptance
Section 2 - Offer and Acceptance
Article 2:201 (ex art. 5.201) - Offer
Article 2:202 (ex art. 5.202) - Revocation of an Offer
Article 2:203 (ex art. 5.203) - Lapse of an Offer
Article 2:204 (ex art. 5.204) - Acceptance
Article 2:205 (ex art. 5.205) - Time of Conclusion of the Contract
Article 2:206 (ex art. 5.206) - Time Limit for Acceptance
Article 2:207 (ex art. 5.208) - Late Acceptance
Article 2:208 (ex art. 5.209) - Modified Acceptance
Article 2:209 (ex art. 5.210) - Conflicting General conditions
Article 2:210 (ex art. 5.211) - Professional's written confirmation
Article 2:211 (ex art. 5.212) - Contracts not Concluded through Offer and Acceptance
Section 3 - Liability for negotiations
Article 2:301 (ex art. 5.301) - Negotiations Contrary to Good Faith
Article 2:302 (ex art. 5.302) - Breach of Confidentiality
CHAPTER 3 - AUTHORITY OF AGENTS
Section 1 - General Provisions
Article 3:101 - Scope of the Chapter
Article 3:102 - Categories of Representation
Section 2 - Direct Representation
Article 3:201 - Express, implied and apparent authority
Article 3:202 - Agent acting in exercise of his authority
Article 3:203 - Unidentified Principal
Article 3:204 - Agent acting without or outside his authority
Article 3:205 - Conflict of Interests
Article 3:206 - Subagency
Article 3:207 - Ratification by Principal
Article 3:208 - Third Party's Right with Respect to Confirmation of Authority
Article 3:209 - Duration of Authority
Section 3 - Indirect Representation
Article 3:301 - Intermediaries not acting in the name of a Principal
Article 3:302 - Intermediary's Insolvency or Fundamental Non-performance to Principal
Article 3:303 - Intermediary's Insolvency or Fundamental Non-performance to Third Party
Article 3:304 - Requirement of Notice
CHAPTER 4 - VALIDITY
Article 4:101 (ex art. 6.101) - Matters not Covered
Article 4:102 (ex art. 6.102) - Initial Impossibility
Article 4:103 (ex art. 6.103) - Mistake as to facts or law
Article 4:104 (ex art. 6.104) - Inaccuracy in communication
Article 4:105 (ex art. 6.105) - Adaptation of contract
Article 4:106 (ex art. 6.106) - Incorrect information
Article 4:107 (ex art. 6.107) - Fraud
Article 4:108 (ex art. 6.108) - Threats
Article 4:109 (ex art. 6.109) - Excessive benefit or unfair advantage
Article 4:110 (ex art. 6.110) -Unfair terms which have not been individually negotiated
Article 4:111 (ex art. 6.111) - Third persons
Article 4:112 (ex art. 6.112) - Notice of Avoidance
Article 4:113 (ex art. 4.113) - Time limits
Article 4:114 (ex art. 6.114) - Confirmation
Article 4:115 (ex art. 6.116) - Effect of avoidance
Article 4:116 (ex art. 6.115) - Partial avoidance
Article 4:117 (ex art. 6.117) - Damages
Article 4:118 (ex. art. 6.118) - Exclusion or restriction of remedies
Article 4:119 (ex art. 6.119) - Remedies for non-performance
CHAPTER 5 - INTERPRETATION
Article 5:101 (Ex art. 7.101/ 101A) - General Rules of Interpretation
Article 5:102 (ex art. 7.102) - Relevant Circumstances
Article 5:103 (ex art. 7.103) - Contra Proferentem Rule
Article 5:104 (ex art. 7.104) - Preference to Negotiated Terms
Article 5:105 (ex art. 7.105) - Reference to Contract as a Whole
Article 5:106 (ex art. 7.106) - Terms to Be Given (Full) Effect
Article 5:107 (ex art. 7.107) - Linguistic Discrepancies
CHAPTER 6 - CONTENTS AND EFFECTS
Article 6:101 (ex art. 8.101) - Statements giving rise to contractual obligation
Article 6:102 (replaces 5.108) - Implied obligations
Article 6:103 - Simulation
Article 6:104 (ex art. 2.101) - Determination of Price
Article 6:105 (ex art. 2.102) - Unilateral Determination by a Party
Article 6:106 (ex art. 2.103) - Determination by a Third Person
Article 6:107 (ex art. 2.104) - Reference to a Non Existent Factor
Article 6:108 (ex art. 2.105) - Quality of Performance
Article 6:109 (ex art. 2.109) - Contract for an Indefinite Period
Article 6:110 (ex art. 2.115) - Stipulation in Favour of a Third Party
Article 6:111 (ex art. 2.117) - Change of Circumstances
CHAPTER 7 - PERFORMANCE
Article 7:101 (ex art. 2.106) - Place of Performance
Article 7:102 (ex art. 2.107) - Time of Performance
Article 7:103 (ex art. 2.108) - Early Performance
Article 7:104 - Order of performance
Article 7:105 - Alternative performance
Article 7:106 (ex art. 2.116) - Performance by a Third Person
Article 7:107 (ex art. 2.110) - Form of Payment
Article 7:108 (ex art. 2.111) - Currency of Payment
Article 7:109 (ex art. 2.112) - Appropriation of Performance
Article 7:110 (ex art. 2.113) - Property Not Accepted
Article 7:111 (ex art. 2.114) - Money not Accepted
Article 7:112 - Costs of performance
CHAPTER 8 - NON-PERFORMANCE AND REMEDIES IN GENERAL
Article 8:101 (ex art. 3.101) - Remedies Available
Article 8:102 (ex art. 3.102) - Cumulation of Remedies
Article 8:103 (ex art. 3.103) - Fundamental Non-Performance
Article 8:104 (ex art. 3.104) - Cure by Non-Performing Party
Article 8:105 (ex art. 3.105) - Assurance of Performance
Article 8:106 (ex art. 3.106) - Notice Fixing Additional Period for Performance
Article 8:107 (ex art. 3.107) - Performance Entrusted to Another
Article 8:108 (ex art 3.108) - Excuse Due to an Impediment
Article 8:109 (ex 3.109) - Clause Limiting or Excluding Remedies
CHAPTER 9 - PARTICULAR REMEDIES FOR NON-PERFORMANCE
Section 1 - Right to Performance
Article 9:101 (ex art. 4.101) - Monetary Obligations
Article 9:102 (ex art. 4.102) - Non-monetary Obligations
Article 9:103 (ex art 4.103) - Damages Not Precluded
Section 2 - Right To Withhold Performance
Article 9:201 (ex art 4.201) - Right to Withhold Performance
Section 3 - Termination Of The Contract
Article 9:301 (ex art. 4.301) - Right to Terminate the Contract
Article 9:302 (ex art 4.302) - Contract to be Performed in Parts
Article 9:303 (ex art. 4.303) - Notice of Termination
Article 9:304 (ex art. 4.304) - Anticipatory Non-Performance
Article 9:305 (ex art. 4.305) - Effects of Termination in General
Article 9:306 (ex art. 4.306) - Property Reduced in Value
Article 9:307 (ex art. 4.307) - Recovery of Money Paid
Article 9:308 (ex art 4.308) - Recovery of Property
Article 9:309 (ex art. 4.309) - Recovery for Performance that Cannot be Returned
Section 4 - Price Reduction
Article 9:401 (ex art 4.401) - Right to Reduce Price
Section 5 - Damages and Interest
Article 9:501 (ex art. 4.501) - Right to Damages
Article 9:502 (ex art 4.502) - General Measure of Damages
Article 9:503 (ex art. 4.503) - Foreseeability
Article 9:504 - Loss Attributable to Aggrieved Party (new; previously part of 4.504)
Article 9:505 - Reduction of loss (previously part of 4.504)
Article 9:506 (ex art. 4.505) - Substitute Transaction
Article 9:507 (ex art. 4.506) - Current Price
Article 9:508 (ex art. 4.507) - Delay in Payment of Money
Article 9:509 (ex art. 4.508) - Agreed Payment for Non-performance
Article 9:510 (ex art. 4.509) - Currency by which Damages to be Measured

THE PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW - Part III, 2002
(Parts I and II revised 1998, Part III 2002)
CHAPTER 10: Plurality of parties*
Section 1 - Plurality of debtors*
Article 10:101 Solidary, Separate and Communal Obligations
Article 10:102 When Solidary Obligations Arise
Article 10:103 Liability Under Separate Obligations
Article 10:104 Communal Obligations: Special Rule when Money Claimed for Non-Performance
Article 10:105 Appointment Between Solidary Debtors
Article 10:106 Recourse Between Solidary Debtors
Article 10:107 Performance, Set-Off and Merger in Solidary Obligations
Article 10:108 Release or Settlement in Solidary Obligations
Article 10:109 Effect of Judgment in Solidary Obligations
Article 10:110 Prescription in Solidary Obligations
Article 10:111 Opposability of other Defences in Solidary Obligations
Section 2 - Plurality of creditors*
Article 10:201 Solidary, Separate and Communal Claims
Article 10:202 Apportionment of Separate Claims
Article 10:203 Difficulties of Executing a Communal Claim
Article 10:204 Apportionment of Solidary Claims
Article 10:205 Regime of Solidary Claims
CHAPTER 11. Assignment of Claims*
Section 1 - General Principles*
Article 11:101 Scope of Chapter
Article 11:102 Contractual Claims Generally Assignable
Article 11:103 Partial Assignment
Article 11:104 Form of Assignment
Section 2 - Effects of Assignment As Between Assignor and Assignee*
Article 11:201 Rights Transferred to Assignee
Article 11:202 When Assignment Takes Effect
Article 11:203 Preservation of Assignee's Rights Against Assignor
Article 11:204 Undertakings by Assignor
Section 3 - Effects of Assignment As Between Assignee and Debtor*
Article 11:301 Contractual Prohibition of Assignment
Article 11:302 Other Ineffective Assignments
Article 11:303 Effect on Debtor's Obligation
Article 11:305 Competing Demands
Article 11:306 Place of Performance
Article 11:307 Defences and Rights of Set-Off
Article 11:308 Unauthorised Modification Not Binding on Assignee
Section 4 - Order of Priority between Assignee and Competing Claimants*
Article 11:401 Priorities
CHAPTER 12. Substitution of New Debtor: Transfer of Contract*
Section 1 - Substitution of New Debtor*
Article 12:101 Substitution: General Rules
Article 12:102 Effects of Substitutions on Defences and Securities
Section 2 - Transfer of Contract*
Article 12:201 Transfer of Contract
CHAPTER 13. Set-Off*
Article 13:101 Requirement for Set-Off
Article 13:102 Unascertained Claims
Article 13:103 Foreign Currency Set-Off
Article 13:104 Notice of Set-Off
Article 13:105 Plurality of Claims and Obligations
Article 13:106 Effects of Set-Off
Article 13:107 Exclusion of Right of Set-Off
CHAPTER 14. Prescription*
Section 1 - General Provision*
Article 14:101 Claims Subject to Prescription
Section 2 - Periods of Prescription and their Commencement*
Article 14:201 General Period
Article 14:202 Period for a Claim Established by Legal Proceedings
Article 14:203 Commencement
Section 3 - Extension of Period*
Article 14:301 Suspension in Case of Ignorance
Article 14:302 Suspension in Case of Judicial and Other Proceedings
Article 14:303 Suspension in Case of Impediment Beyond Creditor's Control
Article 14:304 Postponement of Expiry in Case of Negotiations
Article 14:305 Postponement of Expiry in Case of Incapacity
Article 14:306 Postponement of Expiry: Deceased's Estate
Article 14:307 Maximum Length of Period
Section 4 - Renewal of Periods*
Article 14:401 Renewal by Acknowledgement
Article 14:402 Renewal by Attempted Execution
Section 5 - Effects of Prescription*
Article 14:501 General Effect
Article 14:502 Effect on Ancillary Claims
Article 14:503 Effect on Set-Off
Section 6 - Modification by Agreement*
Article 14:601 Agreements Concerning Prescription
CHAPTER 15. Illegality*
Article 15:101 Contracts Contrary to Fundamental Principles
Article 15:102 Contracts Infringing Mandatory Rules
Article 15:103 Partial Ineffectiveness
Article 15:104 Restitution
Article 15:105 Damages
CHAPTER 16. Conditions*
Article 16:101 Types of Condition
Article 16:102 Interference with Conditions
Article 16:103 Effect of Conditions
CHAPTER 17. Capitalisation of Interest*
Article 17:101 When Interest to be Added to Capital

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